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"Nanoscience" is recognized as an emerging science of objects that have at least one dimension ranging from a few nanometers to less than 100 nm. Through the manipulation of organic and inorganic materials at the atomic level, novel materials can be prepared with different thermal, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, compared to the bulk state of the same materials. Nanoscale entities are abundant in biological systems and include diverse entities such as proteins, small-molecule drugs, metabolites, viruses, and antibodies. In the past 20 years, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of engineered nanosystems that have been developed for biological and medical applications. Nanotechnology is a demanding new field based on the convergence of technical disciplines such as physics, chemistry, engineering and computer sciences, cell biology, and neuroscience. Nanotechnology is recognized as the design, preparation, characterization, and applications of mate...
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