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Subject = Pharmaceutical;
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Displaying Results 1 - 23 of 23 on page 1 of 1
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A review of the differences and similarities between generic drugs and their originator counterparts, including economic benefits associated with usage of generic medicines, using Ireland as a case study
(2013)
Dunne, Suzanne S.; Shannon, Bill; Dunne, Colum P.; Cullen, Walter
A review of the differences and similarities between generic drugs and their originator counterparts, including economic benefits associated with usage of generic medicines, using Ireland as a case study
(2013)
Dunne, Suzanne S.; Shannon, Bill; Dunne, Colum P.; Cullen, Walter
Abstract:
Generic medicines are those where patent protection has expired, and which may be produced by manufacturers other than the innovator company. Use of generic medicines has been increasing in recent years, primarily as a cost saving measure in healthcare provision. Generic medicines are typically 20 to 90% cheaper than originator equivalents. Our objective is to provide a high-level description of what generic medicines are and how they differ, at a regulatory and legislative level, from originator medicines. We describe the current and historical regulation of medicines in the world’s two main pharmaceutical markets, in addition to the similarities, as well as the differences, between generics and their originator equivalents including the reasons for the cost differences seen between originator and generic medicines. Ireland is currently poised to introduce generic substitution and reference pricing. This article refers to this situation as an exemplar of a national system on the cu...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/3056
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An investigation into co-crystal processing and solid-liquid phase equilibria
(2020)
Ahuja, Dipali
An investigation into co-crystal processing and solid-liquid phase equilibria
(2020)
Ahuja, Dipali
Abstract:
In this work, the processing and manufacturing of co-crystals have been investigated for two systems of sulfamethazine (SMT), with respective coformers, salicylic acid (SA) and 3methylsalicylic acid (3mSA), both in 1:1 stoichiometry. Slurry conversion crystallization is demonstrated as a successful route for the manufacture of pure co-crystal. This technique involves equilibrating the solid co-crystal components and solvent in a specific ratio at a certain temperature. In any solvent, guided by the ternary phase diagram, as long as the overall composition is in the region where co-crystal is the most stable solid phase, pure co-crystal can be obtained by this technique. The phase diagrams for these co-crystals have been determined and analyzed in different solvents and at different temperatures. For model system 1, 1:1 SMT-SA co-crystal, ternary phase diagrams in three solvents- methanol, acetonitrile and 7:3 (v/v) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-methanol mixture, and at three temperature...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/9284
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Application of face centred central composite design to optimise compression force and tablet diameter for the formulation of mechanically strong and fast disintegrating orodispersible tablets.
(2012)
Pabari, Ritesh M; Ramtoola, Zebunnissa
Application of face centred central composite design to optimise compression force and tablet diameter for the formulation of mechanically strong and fast disintegrating orodispersible tablets.
(2012)
Pabari, Ritesh M; Ramtoola, Zebunnissa
Abstract:
<p>The original article is also available at <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517312002438" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517312002438</a></p>
<p>A two factor, three level (3(2)) face centred, central composite design (CCD) was applied to investigate the main and interaction effects of tablet diameter and compression force (CF) on hardness, disintegration time (DT) and porosity of mannitol based orodispersible tablets (ODTs). Tablet diameters of 10, 13 and 15 mm, and CF of 10, 15 and 20 kN were studied. Results of multiple linear regression analysis show that both the tablet diameter and CF influence tablet characteristics. A negative value of regression coefficient for tablet diameter showed an inverse relationship with hardness and DT. A positive value of regression coefficient for CF indicated an increase in hardness and DT with increasing CF as a result of ...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/spharmart/7
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Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation
(2018)
Holdt, Susan Løvstad; Kraan, Stefan
Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation
(2018)
Holdt, Susan Løvstad; Kraan, Stefan
Abstract:
Seaweed is more than the wrap that keeps rice together in sushi. Seaweed biomass is already used for a wide range of other products in food, including stabilising agents. Biorefineries with seaweed as feedstock are attracting worldwide interest and include low-volume, high value-added products and vice versa. Scientific research on bioactive compounds in seaweed usually takes place on just a few species and compounds. This paper reviews worldwide research on bioactive compounds, mainly of nine genera or species of seaweed, which are also available in European temperate Atlantic waters, i.e. Laminaria sp., Fucus sp., Ascophyllum nodosum, Chondrus crispus, Porphyra sp., Ulva sp., Sargassum sp., Gracilaria sp. and Palmaria palmata. In addition, Undaria pinnatifida is included in this review as this is globally one of the most commonly produced, investigated and available species. Fewer examples of other species abundant worldwide have also been included. This review will supply fundame...
http://hdl.handle.net/10379/11965
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Community Pharmacy Contractor Agreement for Provision of Community Pharmacy Services Under the Health Act 1970
(2006)
Department of Health (Ireland)
Community Pharmacy Contractor Agreement for Provision of Community Pharmacy Services Under the Health Act 1970
(2006)
Department of Health (Ireland)
Abstract:
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND THE IRISH PHARMACEUTICAL UNION IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES UNDER THE HEALTH ACT, 1970 Read the memorandum Â
http://dx.doi.org/10.14655/771574-773625
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Community Pharmacy Contractor Agreement for Provision of Community Pharmacy Services Under the Health Act 1970
(2006)
Department of Health (Ireland)
Community Pharmacy Contractor Agreement for Provision of Community Pharmacy Services Under the Health Act 1970
(2006)
Department of Health (Ireland)
Abstract:
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND THE IRISH PHARMACEUTICAL UNION IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES UNDER THE HEALTH ACT, 1970 Read the memorandum Â
http://dx.doi.org/10.14655/771574-773625
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Crystallisation thermodynamics
(2017)
Valavi, Masood
Crystallisation thermodynamics
(2017)
Valavi, Masood
Abstract:
This study investigated two important thermodynamic parameters of crystallisation: the activity coefficient and solubility. The influence of composition and temperature on the activity coefficient was investigated to provide a better approximation of the driving force of crystallisation. It was found that the influence of temperature on the activity coefficient was generally much smaller than the influence of composition. Based on an analysis that was performed, a new estimation of the driving force was suggested. Since the driving force is also dependent on solubility, it is important to have an accurate estimation of solubility. Three models were used to calculate a solubility curve: “original NRTL-SAC”, “temperature-dependent NRTL-SAC” and “Pharma UNIFAC”. A comparison between the performances of these three models was presented. It was found that introducing a temperature-dependent binary interaction parameter to the original NRTL-SAC model could improve this model’s performance...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/6117
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Enhancing process performance through automatic control
(2004)
O'Dwyer, Aidan
Enhancing process performance through automatic control
(2004)
O'Dwyer, Aidan
Abstract:
The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is the most dominant form of automatic controller in industrial use today. With this technique, it is necessary to adjust the controller parameters according to the nature of the process. Thus, for effective control of a pasteurisation process, for example, specific values need to be chosen for the P, I and D parameters, which will be different for the values required to control, for example, a distillation column. This tailoring of controller to process is known as controller tuning.
https://arrow.dit.ie/engscheleart/78
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Examination of formulation and process factors on the characteristics of fast dissolving and fast disintegrating tablets manufactured by a direct compression process.
(2010)
Pabari, Ritesh M
Examination of formulation and process factors on the characteristics of fast dissolving and fast disintegrating tablets manufactured by a direct compression process.
(2010)
Pabari, Ritesh M
Abstract:
<p>Oral dosage forms are the safest and most convenient dosage forms and of these tablets are the most popular with patients because of their portability, ease and convenience of dose intake and with manufacturers because of their simple and low cost manufacturing process. Fast disintegrating dissolving tablets (FDDTs), a more recent innovation, have gained a great deal of attention particularly for use in various patient groups such as the paediatric, geriatric, travelling patients and patients having dysphagia. The name "fastdissolving" indicates that the tablets dissolve fast in the mouth without the aid of water, allowing ease of dose intake by the patients (Banker and Rhodes, 2002).</p> <p>To meet the goal of fast disintegration in the mouth generally in less than 1 minute, early techniques developed for the production of FDDTs were based on freeze drying or lyophilization (Seager, 1998), molding at low pressure (Makino et al., 1998), sublimation (Ko...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/phdtheses/63
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International pricing and distribution of therapeutic pharmaceuticals – An ethical minefield
(2005)
Buckley, Joan; Ó Tuama, Séamus
International pricing and distribution of therapeutic pharmaceuticals – An ethical minefield
(2005)
Buckley, Joan; Ó Tuama, Séamus
Abstract:
This paper seeks to identify and consider ethical issues relating to the international pricing of pharmaceuticals, drawing especially on liberal rights theories. It suggests why and how some of these issues might be resolved. It examines and critiques arguments presented by major pharmaceutical manufacturers. It addresses a range of ancillary issues like current pricing policies, R&D, intellectual property rights, rights to profits, the public good and regulation. It proposes a potential model for moving forward on the pricing of pharmaceuticals, with a view to increasing access to essential drugs.
http://hdl.handle.net/10468/20
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Investigation of a novel 3-fluid nozzle spray drying technology for the engineering of multifunctional layered microparticles.
(2012)
Pabari, Ritesh M; Sunderland, Tara; Ramtoola, Zebunnissa
Investigation of a novel 3-fluid nozzle spray drying technology for the engineering of multifunctional layered microparticles.
(2012)
Pabari, Ritesh M; Sunderland, Tara; Ramtoola, Zebunnissa
Abstract:
<p>The original article is also available at <a href="http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1517/17425247.2012.734295" target="_blank">http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1517/17425247.2012.734295</a></p>
<p>OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential of a novel 3-fluid nozzle spray drying technology to formulate differentiated layered microparticles (MPs) of diclofenac sodium (DFS)/ethyl cellulose (EC).</p> <p>METHODS: DFS/EC MPs were formulated using the inner and/or outer nozzles of a novel 3-fluid nozzle and compared with MPs formed using conventional (2-fluid) spray drying. MPs were characterised for particle size and for morphology by TEM and SEM. Distribution of DFS and EC of MPs was analysed by FT-IR and DSC. A two-factor, three-level (3(2)) factorial design was applied to investigate the effect and interaction of total feed solid content (TSC) and feed flow rate (FFR) on MP size, D(50%) and D(90%), bulk density...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/spharmart/6
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Organocatalysis via covalent and non covalent bonding: synthetic applications and mechanistic insights.
(2014)
Salazar Illera, Diana
Organocatalysis via covalent and non covalent bonding: synthetic applications and mechanistic insights.
(2014)
Salazar Illera, Diana
Abstract:
<p><strong>For full abstract, see thesis.</strong></p> <p>The present work deals primarily with the development of two new reactions in which scaffold 2 was reacted under organocatalytic conditions.<em>N</em>-heterocyclic carbenes and <em>Cinchona</em>-based phase-transfer catalysts were both employed to promote elaboration of 1.</p> <p>We have shown that 4-nitro-5-styrylisoxazoles <strong>2 (Figure 1) </strong>are excellent Michael acceptors that could be considered as synthetic equivalents to cinnamates. Indeed compound 2 reacted with soft nucleophiles exclusively at electrophilic centre E<sub>2</sub> , while strong nucleophiles such as OH reacted exclusively at reactive centre E<sub>1</sub>. The Adamo group has worked for some time on these scaffolds demonstrating their synthetic utility.</p> <p><strong>Figure 1. </strong>Styrylisoxazole properties.</p&...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/phdtheses/131
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Prediction of the solubility of medium-sized pharmaceutical compounds using a temperature-dependent NRTL-SAC model
(2016)
Valavi, Masood; Svärd, Michael; Rasmuson, Åke C.
Prediction of the solubility of medium-sized pharmaceutical compounds using a temperature-dependent NRTL-SAC model
(2016)
Valavi, Masood; Svärd, Michael; Rasmuson, Åke C.
Abstract:
In this work, the NRTL-SAC and the Pharma UNIFAC models are evaluated with respect to the capability of prediction of solid liquid equilibria of pharmaceutical compounds in organic solvents. The original NRTL-SAC model is extended through the introduction of temperature-dependent binary interaction parameters, and the two versions of the model are parametrized using vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) data. The performance of the NRTL-SAC models for correlation and prediction of the solubility of eight medium-sized flexible pharmaceutical or pharmaceutically similar molecules in multiple pure, organic solvents is examined: risperidone, fenofibrate, fenoxycarb, tolbutamide, meglumine, butyl paraben, butamben, and salicylamide. The performance of the Pharma UNIFAC model is evaluated using data for six of these compounds. In general, it is found that introducing a dependence on temperature to the binary interaction parameters of the NRTL-SAC model can improve its capability for modeling and...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/7235
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Preparation of cyclopentyl derivatives and their application to the synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Peptide Nucleic Acids
(2017)
Costanzo, Martina
Preparation of cyclopentyl derivatives and their application to the synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Peptide Nucleic Acids
(2017)
Costanzo, Martina
Abstract:
<p>Chapter 1</p> <p>Overview of enantioselective desymmetrisations of prochiral and mesocompounds</p> <p>A molecule is defined as prochiral when it can be converted to a chiral molecule in a single step. A meso-compound, on the other hand, is a molecule with multiple stereocentres superposable on its mirror image. Synthetic organic chemistry uses enantioselective desymmetrisation to convert prochiral or meso-compounds into chiral products. Herein, we reported an overview of desymmetrisation protocols of prochiral and meso-compounds developed over the past four decades.</p> <p>Chapter 2</p> <p>Development of organocatalytic desymmetrisation of aziridines: towards the synthesis of 4-methyl-N-(4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1- yl)benzenesulfonamide</p> <p>Aziridine-containing products are chemical precursors for the preparation of carbocyclic nucleosides. In particular, carbonucleosides such as Carbovir, Abacavir, Aristeromycin, En...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/phdtheses/203
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Progress towards the preparation of Polyfunctional Polyenes
(2009)
Peraka, Krishna Sumanth
Progress towards the preparation of Polyfunctional Polyenes
(2009)
Peraka, Krishna Sumanth
Abstract:
<p><strong>Chapter 1: Metathesis</strong></p> <p>1.1 Introduction</p> <p>1.2 Results and Discussion</p> <p>1.3 Conclusion and Future work</p> <p>1.4 References</p> <p><strong>Chapter 2: Gold </strong><em>1 </em><strong>NHC Catalysis</strong></p> <p><strong> </strong>2.1 Introduction</p> <p>2.2 Results and Discussion</p> <p>2.3 Conclusion</p> <p>2.4 References</p> <p><strong>Chapter 3: Synthesis of NHC based on Deoxyribose Scaffold</strong></p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 Results and Discussion</p> <p>3.3 Conclusion and Future work</p> <p>3.4 References</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p><strong>Experimental Section</strong></p> <p>General Experimental details</p> &l...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/mscrestheses/6
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Simultaneous parameter estimation and optimisation of a seeded anti-solvent crystallisation
(2012)
Ó'Ciardha, Clifford Thomás; Hutton, Kieran W; Mitchell, Niall A; Frawley, Patrick J.
Simultaneous parameter estimation and optimisation of a seeded anti-solvent crystallisation
(2012)
Ó'Ciardha, Clifford Thomás; Hutton, Kieran W; Mitchell, Niall A; Frawley, Patrick J.
Abstract:
A population balance incorporating nucleation, growth and agglomeration, solved using quadrature method of moments was coupled with a parameter estimation procedure. The seeded anti-solvent crystallisation of Paracetamol from methanol and water was chosen as the model system. All parameters concerned were regressed from moments calculated using the measured square weighted chord length distribution (CLD) generated by the FBRM. The FBRM and the concentration data are utilised together to obtain experimental moments that reflect the mass of solids in the tank. Using the estimated kinetic parameters, the crystallization model was validated using an additional experiment with a new non linear addition rate. Experimental crystal size distributions measured by laser diffraction are compared to CSDs calculated by the model and found to be in good agreement. No such work exists in the literature using FBRM to model an anti-solvent system which considers agglomeration. Based on the kinetic p...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/2811
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Stability of an alternative extemporaneous captopril fast-dispersing tablet formulation versus an extemporaneous oral liquid formulation.
(2012)
Pabari, Ritesh M; McDermott, Claire; Barlow, James; Ramtoola, Zebunnissa
Stability of an alternative extemporaneous captopril fast-dispersing tablet formulation versus an extemporaneous oral liquid formulation.
(2012)
Pabari, Ritesh M; McDermott, Claire; Barlow, James; Ramtoola, Zebunnissa
Abstract:
<p>The original article is also available at <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014929181200570X" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014929181200570X</a></p>
<p>BACKGROUND: Administration of medications to pediatric patients is challenging because many drugs are not commercially available in appropriate dosage formulations and/or strengths. Consequently, these drugs are prepared extemporaneously as oral liquid (OL) formulations using marketed tablets or capsules. In many cases, the stability of these extemporaneous preparations, which may affect their tolerability, has not been documented. An alternative extemporaneous solid formulation, such as a fast-dispersing tablet (FDT), may offer enhanced stability as well as dosing flexibility because it may be administered as an orodispersible tablet or as a reconstituted suspension/solution. Although FDTs are available increasingly ...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/spharmart/8
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Studies concerning the preparation of enantiopure intermediates for the manufacture of diagnostics
(2014)
Duffy, Colm James
Studies concerning the preparation of enantiopure intermediates for the manufacture of diagnostics
(2014)
Duffy, Colm James
Abstract:
<p><strong>“For full abstract, see theses”</strong></p> <p>The development of novel asymmetric reactions enhances both the variety of compounds available and the efficiency with which they can be produced. Chiral compound are hugely important in pharmaceuticals due to the chiral nature of biology. Herein, we describe the use of asymmetric organocatalysts in a Kemp elimination to produce chiral nitriles and fluoronitriles (Scheme I).</p> <p><strong>Scheme I Asymmetric Kemp elimination. (Diagram)</strong></p> <p>Scheme I Asymmetric Kemp elimination. We develop an enantioselective procedure for the synthesis of 3-ketosulfonates and the sulfonate directed reduction to 3-hydroxysulfonates. Further development o f this chemistry has lead to a variety o f sulfonate derivatives which could be used in chiral resolution as well as asymmetric organic synthesis (Scheme II).</p> <p><strong>Scheme II Asymmetric su...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/phdtheses/160
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Studies on the generation of chemical diversity using hetero Diels Alder reactions and polyfunctional scaffolds
(2008)
Bruschi, Simone
Studies on the generation of chemical diversity using hetero Diels Alder reactions and polyfunctional scaffolds
(2008)
Bruschi, Simone
Abstract:
<p>In the first part of this work we developed four novel methodologies for the generation of nitroso dienophile from commercially available hydroxamic acid <strong>I</strong> which is trapped with appropriate diene through a hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reaction (<strong>Scheme 1</strong>). These procedures afforded cycloadduct in good yields, employing reagents in a 1:1 ratio and only 5 mol.% catalyst loading. Remarkably, the crude reaction mixture showed the HDA adduct as the only compound present: this renders the reactions described herein as ideal for the development of tandem processes. Moreover, we demonstrated that these new methodologies can be applied to a large number of dienes.</p> <p>In the second part we demonstrated the synthetic usefulness of styrylisoxazole<strong> IV</strong> which was used to access a number of compounds. Herein we describe the syntheses of aziridines <strong>V</strong>, <em>N<...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/phdtheses/88
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Supply Chain Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry: the Key to Further Enhancing Shareholder Value
(2005)
Sweeney, Edward
Supply Chain Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry: the Key to Further Enhancing Shareholder Value
(2005)
Sweeney, Edward
https://arrow.dit.ie/nitloth/46
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The effects of supersaturation, temperature, agitation and seed surface area on secondary nucleation
(2012)
Frawley, Patrick J.; Mitchell, Niall A; Ó'Ciardha, Clifford Thomás; Hutton, Kieran W
The effects of supersaturation, temperature, agitation and seed surface area on secondary nucleation
(2012)
Frawley, Patrick J.; Mitchell, Niall A; Ó'Ciardha, Clifford Thomás; Hutton, Kieran W
Abstract:
This work details the estimation of the secondary nucleation kinetics of paracetamol in ethanol solutions for cooling crystallisation processes, by means of isothermal under-seeded batch experiments. A numerical model, incorporating the population balance equation and the method of moments, has been developed to describe the seeding process for a typical cooling crystallisation process, accounting for the primary and secondary nucleation and subsequent crystal growth. Primary nucleation and growth kinetics have been previously evaluated from induction time experiments, and isothermal seeded batch experiments, respectively, allowing the secondary nucleation rate to be evaluated for a wide range of experimental conditions. The experimental technique involved the utilisation of two in-situ Process Analytical Techniques (PAT), with an Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM®) utilised to qualitatively indicate the occurrence of secondary nucleation and an Attenuated Total Reflectance...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/2803
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The heterogeneous crystallization of a novel solvate of clozapine base in the presence of excipients
(2018)
Verma, Vivek; Bannigan, Pauric; Lusi, Matteo; Crowley, Clare M.; Hudson, Sarah P.; Hodn...
The heterogeneous crystallization of a novel solvate of clozapine base in the presence of excipients
(2018)
Verma, Vivek; Bannigan, Pauric; Lusi, Matteo; Crowley, Clare M.; Hudson, Sarah P.; Hodnett, Benjamin K.; Davern, Peter
Abstract:
The full text of this article will not be available in ULIR until the embargo expires on the 16/06/2019
A new methanol solvate of clozapine base (CPB) has been identified. It exhibits different molecular arrangements and bonding environments at low and room temperatures, while still maintaining the same PXRD pattern throughout. Slurry experiments confirmed this CPB–MeOH solvate to be the thermodynamically stable form in suspension relative to CPB. The CPB–MeOH solvate was further characterised using TGA, DSC and VT-PXRD, with VT-PXRD confirming its conversion to CPB upon desolvation via heating. As confirmed by PXRD, CPB–MeOH solvate was also crystallized heterogeneously from MeOH in the presence of dextran (DEX), chitosan (CHT) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), with a significant reduction in induction time observed in the presence of all three excipients: 28, 18 and 15-fold in the presence of DEX, CHT, and MCC respectively. The CPB–MeOH solvate crystals in the resultant co...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/7713
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Towards the Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,2-Oxazines
(2010)
Piras, Linda
Towards the Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,2-Oxazines
(2010)
Piras, Linda
Abstract:
<p>The present work dealt with the preparation of some key intermediates and their use for the generation of chemical diversity.</p> <p>In Chapter 2 the synthesis of cycloadducts 2.24 was attempted starting fiom acyl nitroso species 2.2.</p> <p>In Chapter 3 a novel route to alkene-functionalised monobactams was developed and their potential in diversity oriented synthesis is still in progress.</p> <p>In Chapter 4 we have described a good enantioselective Michael-initiated ring closure (MIRC) reaction of 2,3 -substituted- 1,1 -cyclopropanediesters under operationally simple conditions and mild PTC catalysis. The study delivers a class of novel enantiopure Michael adducts which could serve as valuable building blocks and as templates of high potential synthetic utility.</p>
<p>A thesis submitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the National University of Ireland in 2010.<...
https://epubs.rcsi.ie/phdtheses/27
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