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Displaying Results 9151 - 9171 of 9171 on page 367 of 367
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Automated assembly of microfluidic "lab-on-a-disc"
(2018)
Berger, M; Muller, T; Voebel, T; Baum, C; Glennon, Thomas; Mishra, Rohit; Kinahan, Davi...
Automated assembly of microfluidic "lab-on-a-disc"
(2018)
Berger, M; Muller, T; Voebel, T; Baum, C; Glennon, Thomas; Mishra, Rohit; Kinahan, David J.; King, Damien; Ducrée, Jens; Brecher, C
Abstract:
Point-of-care (POC) testing attracts more and more attention in the medical health sector because of their specific property to perform the diagnostic close to the patient. The fast diagnosis right at the hospital or the doctor’s office improves the medical reaction time and the chances for a successful healing process. One of this POC test systems is a “Lab-on-a-Disc” (LoaD) which looks like a compact disc crisscrossed with microfluidic tubes and cavities. The fluid to be analysed is placed in the LoaD and an external device then rotates the LoaD. The cavities inside the LoaD and the centrifugal force ensure a clearly defined sequence of the analysis. Furthermore, we aim for an inexpensive manufacture of the medical product without neglecting its quality and functionality. Therefore, the Fraunhofer IPT works on an assembly cell to implement dissoluble films concisely into the disc. This dissoluble film demonstrates its successful usage as a gate for the fluid, which opens after a p...
http://doras.dcu.ie/25685/
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Simulating and evaluating a real-world elastic search system using the RECAP DES simulator
(2021)
Bendechache, Malika; Svorobej, Sergej; Endo, Patricia-Takako; Mihai, Adrian; Lynn, Theo
Simulating and evaluating a real-world elastic search system using the RECAP DES simulator
(2021)
Bendechache, Malika; Svorobej, Sergej; Endo, Patricia-Takako; Mihai, Adrian; Lynn, Theo
Abstract:
Simulation has become an indispensable technique for modelling and evaluating the performance of large-scale systems efficiently and at a relatively low cost. ElasticSearch (ES) is one of the most popular open-source large-scale distributed data indexing systems worldwide. In this paper, we use the RECAP Discrete-Event Simulator (DES) simulator, an extension of CloudSimPlus, to model and evaluate the performance of a real-world cloud-based ES deployment by an Irish small and medium-sized enterprise (SME), Opening.io. Following simulation experiments that explored how much query traffic the existing Opening.io architecture could cater for before performance degradation, a revised architecture was proposed, adding a new virtual machine in order to dissolve the bottleneck. The simulation results suggest that the proposed improved architecture can handle significantly larger query traffic (about 71% more) than the current architecture used by Opening.io. The results also suggest that th...
http://doras.dcu.ie/25686/
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Metaphor processing in tweets
(2021)
Zayed, Omnia
Metaphor processing in tweets
(2021)
Zayed, Omnia
Abstract:
Metaphor plays an important role in defining the interplay between cognition and language. Despite its fuzziness, this ubiquitous figurative device is an essential element of human communication that allows us (as humans) to better understand and, thus, communicate unfamiliar experiences and concepts in terms of familiar ones. Metaphor comprehension and understanding is a complex cognitive task that includes grasping the interaction between the underlying concepts. This is very challenging for humans, let alone computers. The last few decades have witnessed a growing interest in automating this cognitive process by introducing a wealth of ideas to model the computational recognition and comprehension of metaphors in text. Many approaches and techniques have been introduced to explore the automatic processing of different types of metaphors and the preparation of metaphor-related resources. In spite of the attention that metaphor processing has gained recently, the majority of exist...
http://hdl.handle.net/10379/16622
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Fractionation of whey protein glycosylation and assessment of prebiotic and immunomodulation bioactivities for valorisation
(2021)
Asadi Shehni, Akram
Fractionation of whey protein glycosylation and assessment of prebiotic and immunomodulation bioactivities for valorisation
(2021)
Asadi Shehni, Akram
Abstract:
Functional foods are defined as food components that, in addition to their nutritional value, improve human health and/or decrease the risk of diseases. Probiotics, ingested live beneficial bacteria, and prebiotics, the feed for host beneficial bacteria, are included in the functional food category. Beneficial commensal bacteria have profound benefits for human health, including maturation and modulation of the immune system, preventing the attachment of pathogen to the gastrointestinal tract, metabolising indigestible poly- and oligo-saccharides and producing gut health promoting metabolites, including short chain fatty acids. In addition, the consumption of probiotics has been associated with several health benefits, including the decrease in the incidence of diarrhoea in children and mitigation of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the most known and applied probiotics. Bovine milk is a rich source of proteins and glycoproteins, and conta...
http://hdl.handle.net/10379/16641
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Significance of heterogeneities in accurate dielectric measurements of biological tissues
(2021)
Porter, Emily; La Gioia, Alessandra; Elahi, Muhammad A.; O'Halloran, Martin
Significance of heterogeneities in accurate dielectric measurements of biological tissues
(2021)
Porter, Emily; La Gioia, Alessandra; Elahi, Muhammad A.; O'Halloran, Martin
Abstract:
Accurate knowledge of the dielectric properties of biological tissues is necessary for the design and development of electromagnetic medical technologies; these properties quantify the accuracy and efficacy of system operations. Despite the pressing need, the dielectric properties reported in the literature have suffered from inconsistencies mainly attributed to differences in measurement procedures. In this work, a key source of uncertainty, heterogeneous tissue composition within the sensing region of the dielectric probe, is investigated for biological samples composed of porcine muscle and fat. In particular, the contribution of tissues within the sensing depth to measured dielectric data is quantified and the assumption of equal impact of all tissues within the sensing depth is examined. This study demonstrates quantitatively that tissues at different depths below the measurement site do not contribute proportionally to the measured properties, thus suggesting that new analysis...
http://hdl.handle.net/10379/16644
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Impact of histology region size on measured dielectric properties of biological tissues
(2021)
Porter, Emily; La Gioia, Alessandra; O'Halloran, Martin
Impact of histology region size on measured dielectric properties of biological tissues
(2021)
Porter, Emily; La Gioia, Alessandra; O'Halloran, Martin
Abstract:
Accurate knowledge of the dielectric properties of biological tissues is necessary for the design and development of electromagnetic medical technologies. Both electromagnetic diagnostic and therapeutic techniques depend heavily on the dielectric properties of the tissues in the region of interest. These properties quantify the accuracy and efficacy of systems, and enable realistic modelling and simulation prior to clinical evaluation. Despite these strong needs, the dielectric properties reported in the literature have suffered from significant inconsistencies. These inconsistencies have mainly been attributed to clinical confounders that have not historically been well-controlled. In this work, the sensing depth of the dielectric probe, a key clinical confounder, is investigated using heterogenous biological samples composed of porcine muscle and fat. Complex heterogeneous samples can contain several different types of tissues, which are identified through histology. When measurin...
http://hdl.handle.net/10379/16646
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Linearisation-based nonlinearity measures for wave-to-wire models in wave energy
(2019)
Penalba, Markel; Ringwood, John
Linearisation-based nonlinearity measures for wave-to-wire models in wave energy
(2019)
Penalba, Markel; Ringwood, John
Abstract:
It is important to consider nonlinear effects when designing controllers to maximise generated energy in wave energy converters (WECs). Due to the substantial extra computation and complexity added when considering nonlinearities in the controller calculations, quantifying the extent of nonlinearity in WECs’ behaviour is crucial to avoid designing overcomplicated control strategies. This paper suggests two nonlinearity measures to quantify the nonlinearity degree of wave-to-wire (W2W) models in steady-state, using the best linear approximation identified through a minimisation problem as a benchmark. The first measure, referred to as the original nonlinearity measure, evaluates the nonlinear effects of the wave-absorber hydrodynamic interaction. The second measure, referred to as the power nonlinearity measure, quantifies the nonlinear effects in power take-off (PTO) systems, considering the quadratic response of the power signal. The degree of nonlinearity of two WEC models, a part...
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14267/
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The wave energy converter control competition
(2019)
Ringwood, John; Ferri, Francesco; Tom, Nathan; Ruehl, Kelley M.; Faedo, Nicolás; Bacell...
The wave energy converter control competition
(2019)
Ringwood, John; Ferri, Francesco; Tom, Nathan; Ruehl, Kelley M.; Faedo, Nicolás; Bacelli, Giorgio; Yu, Yi-Hsiang; Coe, Ryan G.
Abstract:
Over the past two years, a wave energy converter control systems competition (WECCCOMP) has been in progress, with the objective of comparing different wave energy converter (WEC) control paradigms on a standard benchmark problem. The target system is a point absorber, corresponding to a single float with an absolute reference, of the WaveStar WEC prototype. The system was modelled in WEC-Sim, with the hydrodynamic parameters validated against tank test data. Competitors were asked to design and implement a WEC control system for this model, with performance evaluated across six sea states. The evaluation criteria included a weighted combination of average converted power, peak/average power, and the degree to which the system physical constraints were exploited or temporarily exceeded. This paper provides an overview of the competition, which includes a comparative evaluation of the entries and their performance on the simulation model. It is intended that this paper will act as an...
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14271/
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Contribution to the CCP-WSI Blind Test Series 3: Analysis of scaling effects of moored point-absorber wave energy converters in a CFD-based numerical wave tank
(2019)
Windt, Christian; Ringwood, John; Davidson, Josh; Schmitt, Pál
Contribution to the CCP-WSI Blind Test Series 3: Analysis of scaling effects of moored point-absorber wave energy converters in a CFD-based numerical wave tank
(2019)
Windt, Christian; Ringwood, John; Davidson, Josh; Schmitt, Pál
Abstract:
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical wave tanks (NWTs) can provide valuable insight into the hydrodynamic performance of wave energy converters (WECs). Being able to capture hydrodynamic non-linearities, CFD-based NWTs (CNWTs) allow the analysis of WECs over a wide range of test conditions, such as sea states, power take-off control settings and model scale. The capabilities of a CNWT are exploited in this paper, which aims to analyse of the scaling effects of two moored point-absorber type WECs, exposed to focussed waves. To this end, three different scales are considered: 1:1, 1:10 and 1:10PWT. The latter, 1:10PWT scale, refers to the typical scale used in physical wave tanks (PWTs), complying with Froude scaling, but violating Reynolds scaling. In the 1:10 scale model, fluid viscosity is scaled, in line with the geometric properties, thereby achieving both Froude and Reynolds similitude. From the results, average differences between the three considered scales of ar...
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14272/
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Parameterisation of Radiation Forces for a Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Wave Energy Converter Using Moment-Matching
(2019)
Faedo, Nicolás; Peña-Sanchez, Yerai; Ringwood, John
Parameterisation of Radiation Forces for a Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Wave Energy Converter Using Moment-Matching
(2019)
Faedo, Nicolás; Peña-Sanchez, Yerai; Ringwood, John
Abstract:
The motion of a Wave Energy Converter (WEC) can be described in terms of an integro-differential equation, which involves a convolution operator. This convolution term accounts for the effect of radiation forces acting on the device, and represents a computational and representational drawback both for simulation, and analysis/design of control/estimation strategies. We present herein a moment-based strategy to compute a parametric form of the radiation force subsystem for multiple degree of freedom WECs. The strategy allows for the computation of a model that exactly matches the steady-state behaviour of the target system at a set of user-defined frequencies, while retaining the underlying physical properties of radiation forces. The potential and capabilities of the presented method are illustrated considering a CorPower-like device (heaving point absorber) as an application case
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14275/
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Identification of dynamic models for a wave energy converter from experimental data
(2019)
Giorgi, Simone; Davidson, Josh; Jakobsen, Morten; Kramer, Morten; Ringwood, John
Identification of dynamic models for a wave energy converter from experimental data
(2019)
Giorgi, Simone; Davidson, Josh; Jakobsen, Morten; Kramer, Morten; Ringwood, John
Abstract:
This paper addresses the issue of hydrodynamic model identification from recorded tank test data, for a prototype wave energy device. The study focusses on nonlinear Kolmogorov–Gabor polynomial models, with linear models also used as a baseline reference. Six different experimental data sets are employed for model identification and validation, all derived from a JONSWAP input sea state. Compared to identification on numerical data, this study shows that the determination of model structure and orders is not so straightforward, but that consistent and useful computationally efficient models can be obtained. For the particular tests undertaken, in which the prototype device generally behaves as a wave follower, the nonlinear models only show very marginal performance improvement over the linear ones.
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14276/
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Ocean Energy Systems Wave Energy Modelling Task: Modelling, Verification and Validation of Wave Energy Converters
(2019)
Wendt, Fabian; Nielsen, Kim; Yu, Yi-Hsiang; Bingham, Harry; Eskilsson, Claes; Kramer, M...
Ocean Energy Systems Wave Energy Modelling Task: Modelling, Verification and Validation of Wave Energy Converters
(2019)
Wendt, Fabian; Nielsen, Kim; Yu, Yi-Hsiang; Bingham, Harry; Eskilsson, Claes; Kramer, Morten; Babarit, Aurélien; Bunnik, Tim; Costello, Ronan; Crowley, Sarah; Genron, Benjamin; Giorgi, Giuseppe; Giorgi, Simone; Girardin, Samuel; Greaves, Deborah; Heras, Pilar; Hoffman, Johan; Islam, Hafizul; Jakobsen, Ken-Robert; Janson, Carl-Erik
Abstract:
The International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme for Ocean Energy Systems (OES) initiated the OES Wave Energy Conversion Modelling Task, which focused on the verification and validation of numerical models for simulating wave energy converters (WECs). The long-term goal is to assess the accuracy of and establish confidence in the use of numerical models used in design as well as power performance assessment of WECs. To establish this confidence, the authors used different existing computational modelling tools to simulate given tasks to identify uncertainties related to simulation methodologies: (i) linear potential flow methods; (ii) weakly nonlinear Froude–Krylov methods; and (iii) fully nonlinear methods (fully nonlinear potential flow and Navier–Stokes models). This article summarizes the code-to-code task and code-to-experiment task that have been performed so far in this project, with a focus on investigating the impact of different levels of nonlinearities i...
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14293/
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Parametric modelling of a reconfigurable wave energy device
(2019)
Papillon, L.; Wang, L.; Tom, Nathan; Weber, J.; Ringwood, John
Parametric modelling of a reconfigurable wave energy device
(2019)
Papillon, L.; Wang, L.; Tom, Nathan; Weber, J.; Ringwood, John
Abstract:
To date, one of the difficulties with wave energy devices is modulating the power transfer from the waves to the generator. In wind turbines, this is achieved by turbine pitch control, leading to the ubiquitous flat power curve. Recently, a wave energy converter, having moveable vanes, has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in the US. This paper described the development of a compact hydrodynamic model for the NREL device, based on multiple linear hydrodynamic modelling (Murray-Smith and Johansen, 1997), which can be used to model the hydrodynamic behaviour of the device across its full operational spectrum of vane angles. To show the utility of the model, we demonstrate a flat power curve for the WEC, using the vane angles as a control input.
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14296/
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Supercritical extraction of biomass-A green and sustainable method to control the pyrolysis product distribution
(2021)
Trubetskaya, Anna; Attard, Thomas M.; Budarin, Vitaliy L.; Hunt, Andrew J.; Arshadi, Me...
Supercritical extraction of biomass-A green and sustainable method to control the pyrolysis product distribution
(2021)
Trubetskaya, Anna; Attard, Thomas M.; Budarin, Vitaliy L.; Hunt, Andrew J.; Arshadi, Mehrdad; Grams, Jacek
Abstract:
The full text of this article will not be available until the embargo expires on the 01/04/2022
This research demonstrates that supercritical extraction of the biomass has a remarkable and complex influence on Scots pine tree fractions changing the surface concentration of water, lipids, and metals simultaneously. Surprisingly, this surface composition modification makes a considerable impact on the pyrolysis of the bulk biomass mechanism, leading to the alternation of the volatile and inorganic matter composition. The unique combination of time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry analysis and utilization of pyrolysis gas chromatography−mass spectrometry data on the thermal behavior of woody biomass demonstrates, for the first time, the extraordinary influence of surface adsorbed metals on the composition of pyrolysis products. ScCO2 could extract the surface metals in the form of fatty acid salts, demonstrating a sustainable and environmentally friendly pretreatment meth...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/9961
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An empirical assessment of baseline feature location techniques
(2020)
Razzaq, Abdul; Le Gear, Andrew; Exton, Chris; Buckley, Jim
An empirical assessment of baseline feature location techniques
(2020)
Razzaq, Abdul; Le Gear, Andrew; Exton, Chris; Buckley, Jim
Abstract:
Feature Location (FL) aims to locate observable functionalities in source code. Considering its key role in software maintenance, a vast array of automated and semi-automated Feature Location Techniques (FLTs) have been proposed. To compare FLTs, an open, standard set of non-subjective, reproducible “compare-to” FLT techniques (baseline techniques) should be used for evaluation. In order to relate the performance of FLTs compared against different baseline techniques, these compare-to techniques should be evaluated against each other. But evaluation across FLTs is confounded by empirical designs that incorporate different FL goals and evaluation criteria. This paper moves towards standardizing FLT comparability by assessing eight baseline techniques in an empirical design that addresses these con founding factors. These baseline techniques are assessed in twelve case studies to rank their performance. Results of the case studies suggest that different baseline techniques perform dif...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/9969
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Failure analysis of 3D printed woven composite plates with holes under tensile and shear loading
(2020)
Zhang, Haoqi; Dickson, Andrew N.; Sheng, Yong; McGrail, Terry P.; Dowling, Denis P.; Wa...
Failure analysis of 3D printed woven composite plates with holes under tensile and shear loading
(2020)
Zhang, Haoqi; Dickson, Andrew N.; Sheng, Yong; McGrail, Terry P.; Dowling, Denis P.; Wang, Chun; Neville, Anne; Yang, Dongmin
Abstract:
The full text of this article will not be available in ULIR until the embargo expires on the 30/01/2022
This paper presents the modelling and failure analysis of 3D printed woven composite plates with a hole under tensile and shear loading. In the finite element (FE) software, woven cells are built using stacking sequences, which are then linked together to form the FE model of the woven laminate. According to the 3D printing experiments, tailored fibre placement is achieved in the simulation by altering the fibre orientation around a region to leave a hole. In order to compare this placement technique with that of a control group, ‘drilled’ samples with the notch removed via mechanical machining was proposed. Three cases, open-hole laminates under tensile loading and double-shear and single-shear loading, are studied to advance the understanding of the failure mechanisms. Good agreement between numerical and experimental results has been obtained, which exhibits a similar trend...
http://hdl.handle.net/10344/9975
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Thermal gelation and hardening of whey protein beads for subsequent dehydration and encapsulation using vitrifying sugars
(2021)
Hansen, Mackenzie M.; Maidannyk, Valentyn; Roos, Yrjö H.
Thermal gelation and hardening of whey protein beads for subsequent dehydration and encapsulation using vitrifying sugars
(2021)
Hansen, Mackenzie M.; Maidannyk, Valentyn; Roos, Yrjö H.
Abstract:
Solid beads were developed using whey protein isolate (WPI) and sugars for controlled hardening and vitrification of wall materials. A concentrated mixture of WPI and sucrose in water, intended for use as gelling and glass-forming ingredients, respectively, was used to form liquid feeds with varying pH, viscosities, surface tensions, solids contents and compositions. Using a peristaltic pump, feeds flowed continuously through silicon tubing and formed droplets. Rapid solidification occurred when droplets were submerged in heated, stirred oil; beads were harvested for vacuum oven drying. Dispersions were characterized by viscosity and flow testing. Dried beads were characterized for porosity, hardness, diameters, and water activity, and microstructures were analyzed with microscopy. Drop-forming dispersions comprised of 40% WPI with 10% sucrose by mass possessed structure forming and shape retention qualities. Feed composition influenced characteristics of the final product more stro...
http://hdl.handle.net/11019/2391
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Evaluation of the overset grid method for control studies of wave energy converters in OpenFOAM numerical wave tanks
(2020)
Windt, Christian; Davidson, Josh; Chandar, Dominic; Faedo, Nicolás; Ringwood, John
Evaluation of the overset grid method for control studies of wave energy converters in OpenFOAM numerical wave tanks
(2020)
Windt, Christian; Davidson, Josh; Chandar, Dominic; Faedo, Nicolás; Ringwood, John
Abstract:
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical wave tanks are valuable tools for the development and evaluation of energy maximising control systems for wave energy converters (WECs). However, the exaggerated body motion amplitude, which can be induced by the energy maximising control system, challenges the commonly applied mesh morphing method in CFD, due to the resulting mesh distortion and subsequent numerical instability. A more advanced mesh motion method is the overset grid method, which can inherently handle large amplitude body motions and has recently become freely available in the open source CFD software OpenFOAM. The overset grid method can, therefore, potentially eliminate the mesh distortion problem, hindering the simulation of WECs under controlled conditions. To evaluate the capability of the overset grid method for control studies of WECs in an OpenFOAM numerical wave tank, this paper presents a detailed comparison of the overset grid and mesh morphing methods, ...
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14327/
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Optimal wave energy extraction for oscillating water columns using second-order sliding mode control
(2020)
Mosquera, F. D.; Evangelista, C. A.; Puleston, P. F.; Ringwood, John
Optimal wave energy extraction for oscillating water columns using second-order sliding mode control
(2020)
Mosquera, F. D.; Evangelista, C. A.; Puleston, P. F.; Ringwood, John
Abstract:
Ocean waves are an important renewable energy resource and several fields of R&D are concurrently working to improve technologies for harnessing their power. In that context, this study presents a control to optimise the performance of oscillating water column systems. As a first contribution, a novel criterion to attain maximum wave energy extraction is developed, resulting in an enhancement of the global power efficiency of the system. Then, taking advantage of the proposed criterion, a second-order sliding mode control set-up is designed, with power extraction maximisation the primary objective and reactive power regulation a secondary one. Simulation results confirm the highly satisfactory performance of the proposed controller and its robustness in the presence of the inherent uncertainties and disturbances in the non-linear system.
http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/14336/
Marked
Mark
Reliable Control and Data Planes for Softwarized Networks
(2021)
Mas-Machuca, Carmen; Musumeci, Francesco; Vizarreta, Petra; Liyanage, Madhusanka; et al.
Reliable Control and Data Planes for Softwarized Networks
(2021)
Mas-Machuca, Carmen; Musumeci, Francesco; Vizarreta, Petra; Liyanage, Madhusanka; et al.
Abstract:
Driven by the requirement of increasing performance and flexibility, networks are being softwarized by paradigms such as software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV). These solutions reduce the complexity and the specialization of hardware devices, by extracting the inherently distributed control plane of forwarding network elements such as switches and routers, to a logically centralized control plane (referred as controller in SDN). The control plane acts as a broker between the network applications (e.g. monitoring, traffic engineering) and the data plane (i.e. physical network infrastructure). For scalability and robustness, the logically centralized control plane is implemented by physically distributing different controllers throughout the network. This chapter presents different solutions to increase the reliability of both planes: data and control planes. The reliability of the data plane can be increased by considering survivable virtual netwo...
http://hdl.handle.net/10197/12087
Marked
Mark
Potential and optimisation of agriculture-based anaerobic digestion for environmental mitigation of agriculture-associated pollution
(2021)
Nolan, Stephen
Potential and optimisation of agriculture-based anaerobic digestion for environmental mitigation of agriculture-associated pollution
(2021)
Nolan, Stephen
Abstract:
The current work has taken a holistic approach to understanding the potential for mitigation of pollution from agriculture using anaerobic digestion (AD), with a particular focus on reduction of pathogen load to the environment. AD is a natural process whereby multi-species microbial communities operate synergistically to break down complex organic matter. This process produces biogas which can be used to generate electricity and/or heat, or upgraded to biomethane and injected into the gas grid or used as transport fuel. The residue from AD is called ‘digestate’ and can be used as an organic fertiliser/soil improver. Materials that fall under the scope of the EU Animal By-product (ABP) Regulations (EU Regulation 1069/2009 and EU Regulation 142/2011) are subject to rules aimed at protecting public and animal health. These Regulations require pasteurisation of AD raw materials or digestate at 70 °C for a minimum of 60 min with a maximum particle size of 12mm. The EU legislation all...
http://hdl.handle.net/10379/16709
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